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Volume 4, Issue 4(Suppl) J Infect Dis Ther 2016
ISSN: 2332-0877, JIDT an open access journal Infectious Diseases 2016
August 24-26, 2016
Page 73
conferenceseries.com
August 24-26, 2016 Philadelphia, USA
&
Infectious DiseasesJoint Event on 2nd World Congress on
Pediatric Care & Pediatric Infectious Diseases
International Conference on
Ashok Kapse, J Infect Dis Ther 2016, 4:4(Suppl)
Emerging and re-emerging infections
We can look forward with confidence to a considerable degree of freedom from infectious diseases at a time not too far in
the future. Indeed, it seems reasonable to anticipate that within some measurable time, all the major infections will have
disappeared. T. Aidan Cockburn: The Evolution and Eradication of Infectious Diseases; 1963. Five years later the U.S. surgeon
general noted that it might be possible with interventions such as antimicrobials and vaccines to “close the book” on infectious
diseases and shift public health resources to chronic diseases. How shoddily wrong they were; at about same time there were
trickling reports about a crippling wasting disease among Africans which was noticed by missionaries. Soon world realized that
these were the earliest cases of a newly emerging infectious disease: HIV/AIDS. The incidence of emerging infectious diseases
in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future. Over 30 new infectious agents have
been detected worldwide in the last three decades; 60 percent of these are of zoonotic in origin. A newly emerging disease is a
disease that has never been recognized before. HIV/AIDS is an emerging disease, so is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
and a recent H1N1 pandemic. Re-emerging, or resurging diseases are those that have been around for decades or centuries but
have come back in a different form or a different location, few of the examples are emergence of microorganisms resistant to
antimicrobials to which these were previously sensitive, P. vivax acquiring severity, resurgence of diphtheria & Pertussis and
recent Ebola outbreak. Microbes could also be the agents of bioterrorism, they are intentionally introduced to harm mankind
and thereby they become instruments of deliberately emerging diseases the most recent and important example of which is
anthrax. The human species lives in a delicate balance with microbial species; there is an ever-present tension between the
two. If we perturb this balance, microbes almost always figure out a way to counterbalance the effect; encroachment of human
civilization on the environment and on the microbial species that inhabit our environment invariably triggers emergence or
reemergence of infectious diseases. Multiple factors like forest land use for economic development, human demographics &
behavior and ever increasing international travel contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Two
fundamental characteristics of microbe’s namely rapid replication and mutation allow them to circumvent our attempts to
control them. Their ability to replicate and mutate gives them the advantage of selectively circumventing human interventions,
be they antimicrobials, vaccines or public health measures. In this battle with microbes we the humans have two important
weapons in our armamentarium: an intellect and a will. We use our intellect and will to implement public health measures,
biomedical research and technological advances to contain or at least strike a balance with microbial species that rely on genes,
replication and mutation.“The future of humanity and microbes likely will unfold as episodes of a suspense thriller that could
be titled “Our Wits versus Their Genes”; so rightly said by Dr. Joshua Lederberg.
Biography
Ashok Kapse is a consulting Pediatrician practicing in the city of Surat in the Gujarat state of India, besides owning a private pediatric hospital he is also the Head
of the Pediatric Department at a prestigious Mahavir Super Specialty Hospital. After completing graduation (MBBS) he did MD in Pediatrics. Initially he has worked
as a Professor of Pediatrics at Medical College Surat, later he opted out for private practice however pursued academic interest. He has developed special interest
and skills in infectious diseases. He is a recipient of many oration awards and delivered hundreds of lectures on dengue, malaria, typhoid and antibiotic uses across
India. He has decorated many posts in medical fields: President of Surat City Branch of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), President of Gujarat State Branch of
IAP and National President of Infectious Diseases Branch of IAP are few of them. He is an avid Clinical Photographer; his photos figure into various books and
atlases including the prestigious atlas of infectious diseases published by American Academy of Pediatrics. He has published umpteen articles in peer reviewed
journals.
Ashok Kapse
Mahavir Super Specialty Hospital, India