Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials
Open Access

Abstract

Stem cells are special type of cells, which can be found almost in each type of tissue and through entire life span in multicellular organism. Their main functions are to provide tissue development, homeostasis and reparation of tissue damage. Stem cells are defined as cells that have the capacity to self-renewal, multipotency/pluripotency, clonality, and are divided into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. ESCs and iPSCs are very similar .Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease. They have a capacity to undergo chromosomal changes and develop into cancerous cells. It has been shown that transplantation of ESCs into animal produces teratomas or teratocarcinomas. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis. They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow.The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors. HSCs are a heterogeneous population. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are a group of adult stem cells naturally found in the body from a variety of tissues such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord, placenta, adipose tissue, dental pulp etc. that differentiate along several mesenchymal lineages . Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in numerous tissues throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. On the other hand, there are significant differences in the proliferation and differentiation abilities, and in harvesting procedures among these MSCs.

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