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Neuropsychiatric disorders are commonly induced by acute (TBI, stroke, chemical poisoning, and infections by pathogenic
microbes) and chronic (brain tumors, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and neurodegenerative diseases) brain insults. Clinical
manifestations of neuropsychiatric disorders may vary among the patients with different types of brain insult, depending on
the cause, type, severity of injury, acute or chronic condition, and the brain regions affected, as well as on the age and health
status of the patient. However, 40% of neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms were found to be commonly shared by traumatic,
infectious, toxic, oncogenic, and degenerative brain insults, suggesting that the same or similar brain regions/structures
can be possibly affected by different brain insults. The histomorphological basis for neuropsychiatric disorders might be
the progressive neuronal cell death and neural injury in the brain regions such as the limbic system, basal ganglia system,
brainstem, basal forebrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. Because most of the brain regions affected are far away from the
initial injured site, the histomorphological alterations in the remote brain regions may mainly result from secondary neuronal
damage triggered by the initial insult. Secondary neuronal damage may be largely responsible for subsequent neuropsychiatric
disorders. However, it should be noted that clinical manifestations of neurological disorders may tend to be similar even
when the histomorphological alterations in the brain region affected are dissimilar, because the brain has only a few common
pathophysiological responses (such as cerebral edema, inflammation, cytotoxicity, loss of cerebral blood flow autoregulation,
and the apoptos) to injuries.
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