Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism
Open Access

Abstract

Amyloid formation is the pathological hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer�s disease (AD). These diseases are marked by extracellular amyloid deposits of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in the pancreas and amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain. Since it has been shown that IAPP enters the brain and that disparate amyloids can cross-seed each other to augment amyloid formation, we determined if such cross-seeding can occur with the amyloids involved in T2D and AD. We demonstrated that: (1) IAPP promoted oligomerization of Aβ in vitro and in silico, (2) peripheral injection of IAPP increased murine brain IAPP levels, (3) endogenous IAPP localized to Aβ in plaques in mouse models of AD, (4) IAPP was present in and secreted from astrocytes, and (5) IAPP levels were elevated in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These observations prompted us to explore a potential mechanism whereby IAPP elevated during metabolic dysfunction enters the brain to cross-seed Aβ and augment AD pathology. We tested this mechanism in both humans and transgenic mice, correlating peripheral levels of IAPP with AD pathology. In African Americans, a group with increased risk for both T2D and AD, peripheral IAPP levels were not significantly different in samples with no disease, T2D, AD, or both T2D and AD. Furthermore, in the Tg2576 AD mouse model, IAPP plasma levels were not significantly elevated at an age where the mice exhibit the glucose intolerance of pre-diabetes. Based on this data, it appears unlikely that peripheral IAPP cross-seeds Aβ pathology in AD brain. However, we provide evidence for a novel association between brain derived IAPP and AD, which suggests that brain derived IAPP plays a role in Aβ oligomerization and AD pathology. This potential connection, along with IAPP�s known role in weight and memory loss, requires further research.

Biography

Ian V. J. Murray is an Assistant Professor, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center (TAMHSC) in College Station. He attained his Ph.D. at McGill University studying diabetes and obesity. He received further training in neurodegenerative disease as a postdoctoral fellow in the world-renowned Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research with Drs. Virginia Lee and John Trojanowski at the University of Pennsylvania. He then honed his biophysical training with measurement of protein misfolding with Dr. Paul Axelsen and later obtained further mass spectrometry training in the world-renowned laboratory of Dr. Ian Blair, also at the University of Pennsylvania. The result of such a diverse training was his hallmark and enables him to effectively lead a multidisciplinary team exploring the cause, identification and treatment of Alzheimer's disease with a goal to earlier identification and treatment of ALzheimer's. Such an approach is required for Alzheimer's disease research, where not only protein changes occur in the brain but risk factors include diabetes and obesity. He also uses multiple methodological approaches in his studies (e.g., biochemical, biophysical, histochemical, and mass spectrometric approaches).