Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology
Open Access

Abstract

Mitochondrial disease (MD) presents with a wide range of clinical, pathological and biochemical outcomes and is consequently very difficult to diagnose conclusively. EPR is a magnetic resonance technique that detects and characterizes unpaired electrons that are present in transition metal ions in certain oxidation states {e.g. Fe(III), Cu(II) and Mn(II)}, clusters (e.g., [2Fe2S]+ red, [3Fe4S]+ ox, [4Fe4S]+ red) and free radicals (e.g., UQ��, FADH�). The mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I-IV contain 23 potentially paramagnetic centers that exhibit distinct EPR signals depending on their redox potentials, the availability of electrons, the catalytic competence of each of the enzymatic complexes and the integrity of the electron transport chain (ETC). In addition, EPR signals may be observed from UQ��, and from the [3Fe4S]+ cluster of m-aconitase that arises due to oxidative stress. Key factors thought to be involved in the symptoms and pathology of MD is lowered ATP production and the production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Either or both of these can occur when electron transfer is impeded due to lowered expression, lowered activity, or structural alteration of ETC complexes, or compromised ingress or egress of reducing equivalents. EPR of rapidly-frozen fresh biopsy tissue is uniquely able to provide a snapshot of the electron distribution among the redox centers in the functioning mitochondrial ETC against a background of other biochemical and pathological assays. We recently described the first application of this methodology to a rat model of MD and will here describe progress toward translation of the approach for diagnosis and differentiation of MDs in children.

Biography

Brian Bennett has completed his BA and MA in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge and DPhil in Biochemistry from the University of Sussex. Currently, he is a Chair and Distinguished Professor of Physics at Marquette University, USA.

Email: brian.bennett@marquette.edu