Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy
Open Access

Abstract

Regular exercise increases oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle. Exercise activates Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)II, resulting in increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity. As such, exercise can curb accumulation of excess lipids in adipose and intramuscular tissues that may result in obesity/type 2 diabetes. Lipid metabolism mainly occurs in mitochondria regulated by NRF-1 and is controlled by a set of mitochondrial enzymes. For example, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1 is a rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondrial lipid oxidation that regulates the transport of long chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in ATP synthesis. On the other hand, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)-1 is a mitochondrial enzyme that promotes lipid synthesis by providing malonyl CoA substrate for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. NRF-1 is the major transcriptional factor of the mitochondria, the site for ATP generation from carbohydrates and lipids. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in metabolism of the cell. In order to investigate the amount of NRF-1 bound Cpt-1, ChIP assay performed. Exercise showed that the amount of NRF-1 bound Cpt-1 was ~1.3 fold increase compared with the control group. The exercise + KN93 group did not show any significant change compared with the exercise group. This result indicates that exercise-induced CaMKII activation increase the amount of NRF-1 bound Cpt-1. With respective to gene transcription, exercise group showed ~7.8 fold increase compared with the control group. Cpt-1 gene expression of the exercise + KN93 group showed significant decrease compared with the exercise group. Cpt-1 gene expression of the exercise + KN93 was similar to the control group. This result shows that CaMKII activation increase Cpt-1 gene expression in rat skeletal muscle. With respect to mitochondrial integrity, mitochondria size of the exercise group increased by ~3.0 fold compared with the control group, whereas the exercise + KN93 group showed significant decrease compared with the exercise group. Using TEM we show that exercise-induced CaMKII activation increases mitochondria size in rat skeletal muscle and its integrity.

Biography

Emmanuel Mukwevho has completed his PhD in 2010 from University of Cape Town, South Africa in Anatomy and Cell Biology. He is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at North West University, South Africa. He has published both nationally and internationally in reputed journals and his specialty is in Obesity and Diabetes where he led the Diabetes & Obesity Therapeutics Research group at North West University.

Email: emmanuel.mukwevho@nwu.ac.za