Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy
Open Access

Abstract

Cognate DRE sites within DNA enhancer epitomizes wide range of mammalian genes expression mediated via the Ah receptor pathway. Earlier we postulated the same for DRE-containing viral genes transactivation caused by dioxin in human cells infected with HIV-1, HBV and HCMV. Here, such mechanistic concept applied to type A influenza virus NS1 binding protein in human and avian (G. gallus gallus) host cells. The NS1 is known to prevent transcriptional induction of antiviral interferons to inhibit splicing and dsRNA-mediated signal transduction in target cells. Presenting data range from the cellular to population levels. It was shown that gene encoding the NS1 possessed multiple DREs (core nucleotide sequence 3â�� A-CGCAC 5â��), two of which were identified within the promoter area, namely at positions -7942 and -687. SITECON, an established computational tool for detecting transcriptional factor binding site recognition, proved the above sites as potentially active. SITECON-selected adjacent variable sequences were used to detect properties of the DRE site and conformational similarity score threshold of 0.95 was utilized to rank identified DRE. On the cellular level, Western blot analysis of lysates of infected or DNA-transfected confluent HeLa cells pretreated with 10 ppt dioxin for 36 hours revealed several-fold increase of NS1-specific polypeptide. As the NS1 promoter contains two potentially active DRE, an extrapolation from the data on HIV-1 (1 DRE) and HCMV (10 DRE) also suggests that concentration of dioxin up-regulating NS1 gene should be moderately above current dioxin levels in general population (~4 ppt).Presumably, elevated dioxin level in the host cells might lead to enhanced ability of NS1 to diminish antiviral interferons. That can bring new insights to the fact that resistance of highly virulent H5N1 to antiviral effects of IFN-�² and TNF-alpha directly associated with the NS1. On the population level, the data on wild birds and domestic poultry (G. gallus gallus) dying from H5N1 in Guangdong province of China and Long An, Tieng Giang and Ben Tre provinces of Vietnam, all relate to the fact that water and soil in these regions are highly contaminated with dioxin-like compounds. Eventually, human cohorts from the above regions of China and Vietnam are exposed to elevated concentrations of dioxin, which might serve as a promotional factor for seasonal influenza outbreaks. Moreover, the sub-nanomolar body burden dioxin might strongly facilitate spreading of the H5N1 in case avian flu pandemic were to occur.

Biography

Ilya B Tsyrlov has completed his PhD from Novosibirsk University and Postdoctoral studies from Leningrad Academy of Medical Sciences. He is the President and Chief Scientific Officer of XENOTOX, Inc., an American premier biomedical innovation organization. He has published 4 monographs and about 250 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of several journals.

Email: xenotoxit@optonline.net