Surgery Journals

Russia, the world’s largest nation, borders European and Asian countries as well as the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Its landscape ranges from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches. It’s famous for novelists Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, plus the Bolshoi and Mariinsky ballet companies. St. Petersburg, founded by legendary Russian leader Peter the Great, features the baroque Winter Palace, now housing part of the Hermitage Museum’s art collection.

Russia, the largest country in the world, occupies one-tenth of all the land on Earth. It spans 11 time zones across two continents (Europe and Asia) and has coasts on three oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic). The Russian landscape varies from desert to frozen coastline, tall mountains to giant marshes. Much of Russia is made up of rolling, treeless plains called steppes. Siberia, which occupies three-quarters of Russia, is dominated by sprawling pine forests called taigas. Russia has about 100,000 rivers, including some of the longest and most powerful in the world. It also has many lakes, including Europe's two largest: Ladoga and Onega. Lake Baikal in Siberia contains more water than any other lake on Earth.

According to a World Bank forecast, in 2016 the ruble will weaken and in 2017 it will slightly strengthen. According to one Russian media source, Russia's poverty level will continue increasing even if oil prices grow. Low oil prices coupled with Western economic sanctions have hit the Russian economy harder than initially expected. Russia’s gross domestic product is expected to contract by 1.9 percent in 2016, the World Bank predicted in a report released Wednesday. The United Nations provides data for Russia from 1996 to 2012. The average value for Russia during that period was 1.1 percent with a minumum of 0.95 percent in 1998 and a maximum of 1.29 percent in 2003.

Research and development expenditure (% of gdp) in russia according to list of surgery journals russia was last measured at 1.12 in 2012, according to the world bank. Expenditures for research and development based on russia surgery journals list are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&d covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development in surgery journals russia. This page has the latest recorded value, an historical data chart and related indicators for research and development expenditure (% of gdp) in russia presented in list of surgery journals.Two Russian-born scientists have shared the Nobel Prize for physics for their groundbreaking experiments with graphene, the ultra-strong, ultra-thin material that could lead to faster computers and lighter airplanes. Isolated simply with Scotch tape, the special form of carbon is only one atom thick but more than 100 times stronger than steel seen in Surgery journals.