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Anticancer Activity of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam by Srb Method

Research Article Open Access
Khushbu Pandey1*, Pramod K. Sharma1 and Rupesh Dudhe1,2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, M.I.E.T, Meerut- 250005, U.P, India
2Uttarakhand Technical Universities, Dehradun- 284007, U.K, India
*Corresponding author: Khushbu Pandey
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology
NH-58, Baghpat bypass crossing
Meerut- 250005, UP, India
Tel: 09758709158
E-mail: pandeykhushbu19@gmail.com
 
Received August 27, 2012; Published September 20, 2012
 
Citation: Pandey K, Sharma PK, Dudhe R (2012) Anticancer Activity of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam by Srb Method. 1:325. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.325
 
Copyright: © 2012 Pandey K, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
 
Abstract
 
Aim: To study the anticancer activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam by SRB assay method on K562 human leukemia cancer cell line.
 
Materials and Methods: Anticancer activity of ethanolic extracts leaves of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam and also in combination of both the plant extract was performed on K562 cancer cell lines by the Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) Mumbai, India.
 
Results: Parthenium hysterophorusand Oldenlandia corymbosa showed significant anticancer activity on K562 human leukemia cancer cell line. Cell line were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine with the help of SRB assay and the absorbance was recorded on an Elisa plate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm with 690 nm.
 
Conclusion: Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam has been showed anticancer activity individually but when they are given in combination of both plants extract on K562 human leukemia cancer cell line has been showed potent anticancer activity.
 
Keywords
 
K562 cell line; Leukemia; SRB assay
 
Introduction
 
Ethno historical accounts shows that medicinal plants have been used as a remedy for various human ailments, the reason of using these plants is that they contain certain types of chemical constituent which is having greater therapeutic value that produces a definite pharmacological actions on human body with lesser side effects [1]. Cancer is one of the most life threatening diseases and possess many health hazard in both developed and developing countries [2].
 
Leukemia is one of the most common cause of cancer occur throughout the world due to the lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents and side effects of anticancer drugs on prolong therapy of chemoprevention so anticancer patients switch over to the herbal medicine for their curement.
 
Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam is the two herbaceous weed and they are known for their various pharmacological activity. Medicinal uses of both the plant extract show remarkable antipyretic, CNS stimulating, skeletal muscle relaxant [3] also the anti-oxidant [4], hypoglycemic activity [5]. Oldenlandia corymbosa are used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of hepatitis among the people of Southern India [6]. Thus, the present study was done to evaluate the anticancer potential of ethanolic extract of leaves of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam.
 
Materials and Methods
 
Plant material
 
The fresh leaves of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn was collected from the Meerut (India) and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam was collected from Chhattisgarh region of M.P. These plants were identified and authenticated by the research officer of botany at National Bureau of Plant and Genetic Resources (Pusa campus) New Delhi and a voucher specimen had been kept in the department of Pharmacology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut.
 
Preparation of ethanolic extract: For the preparation of ethanolic extract, the leaves of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam was collected, cleaned, air dried and grinded into coarse powder, then 22 gm powder was packed into the soxhlet extractor with 95% ethanol at a temperature 45°C. The extract was concentrated and dried by using rotary evaporator and the percentage yield was found to be 26.8% and 20.53% extract was stored in a refrigerator at 5°C.
 
Anticancer activity on k562 cell lines
 
The anticancer activity of ethanolic extracts leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam and also in combination of both the plant extract was performed on K562 cancer cell lines by the Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) Mumbai, India. The cell viability was measured using SRB assay. All the environmental conditions were maintained throughout the experiment for all the groups. The assay was performed in triplicate for each of the extracts. The growth curve was plotted against molar drug concentration of plant extract and % control growth. The 50% reduction in net protein increase was observed on the combination extract of Oldenlandia and Parthenium with the positive control when compared compound i.e. adrinamycin.
 
Experimental procedure or SRB assay
 
The cell lines were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine. For present screening experiment, cells were inoculated into 96 well micro titer plates in 90 μL at plating densities as shown in the study details above, depending on the doubling time of individual cell lines. After cell inoculation, the micro titer plates were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2, 95% air and 100% relative humidity for 24 h prior to addition of experimental drugs. After 24 h, one plate of each cell line was fixed in situ with TCA, to represent a measurement of the cell population for each cell line at the time of drug addition (Tz). Experimental drugs were solubilized in appropriate solvent at 400-fold the desired final maximum test concentration and stored frozen prior to use. At the time of drug addition, an aliquot of frozen concentrate was thawed and diluted to 10 times the desired final maximum test concentration with complete medium containing test article at a concentration of 10-3. Additional three, 10-fold serial dilutions were made to provide a total of four drug concentrations plus control. Aliquots of 10 μl of these different drug dilutions were added to the appropriate micro-titer wells already containing 90 μl of medium, resulting in the required final drug concentrations.
 
After compound addition, plates were incubated at standard conditions for 48 h and assay was terminated by the addition of cold TCA. Cells were fixed in situ by the gentle addition of 50 μl of cold 30% (w/v) TCA (final concentration, 10% TCA) and incubated for 60 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded; the plates were washed five times with tap water and air dried. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) solution (50 μl) at 0.4% (w/v) in 1% acetic acid was added to each of the wells, and plates were incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. After staining, unbound dye was recovered and the residual dye was removed by washing five times with 1% acetic acid. The plates were air dried. Bound stain was subsequently eluted with 10 mM trizma base, and the absorbance was read on an Elisa plate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm with 690 nm reference wavelength [7].
 
Percent growth was calculated on a plate-by-plate basis for test wells relative to control wells. Percent Growth was expressed as the ratio of average absorbance of the test well to the average absorbance of the control wells *100.
 
Using the six absorbance measurements [time zero (Tz), control growth (C), and test growth in the presence of drug at the four concentration levels (Ti)]; the percentage growth was calculated at each of the drug concentration levels [8].
 
 
Percentage growth inhibition=
 
For concentrations for which Ti>/=Tz (Ti-Tz) positive or zero = [(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)] × 100
 
For concentrations for which Ti<Tz. (Ti-Tz) negative = [(Ti-Tz)/ Tz] × 100
 
Growth inhibition of 50%
 
GI50 = [(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)] × 100
 
GI50 is that value of the drug concentration resulting in a 50% reduction in the net protein increase (as measured by SRB staining) in control cells during the drug incubation. The drug concentration resulting in total growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated from Ti = Tz. The LC50 is the drug concentration resulting in a 50% reduction in the measured protein at the end of the drug treatment as compared to that at the beginning. During this there is a net loss of 50% cells following treatment is calculated from [(Ti-Tz)/Tz] × 100 = -50 [9].
 
Statistical analysis
 
Values were calculated for each of these three parameters if the level of activity was reached; however, if the effect was not reached or was exceeded, the values for that parameter were expressed as greater or less than the maximum or minimum concentration tested. The experiment data were estimated using linear regression method of plots of the cell viability against the molar drug concentration of tested compounds.
 
Results
 
The non toxic dose of Parthenium hysterophorusLinn and Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam showed anticancer activity individually but when the combination of both the plant extract is taken it showed more significant anticancer activity as compared to the positive control group i.e. adriamycin (Figure 1 and Table 1).
 
Figure 1: The Plot of percentage control growth vs. molar drug concentration shows the effective drug concentration on the K562 human leukemia cell line.
 
Table 1:
 
Experimental groups are compared with positive control group i.e. adrinamycin (ADR) (Table 2).
 
Table 2:
 
GI50 = Growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) calculated from [(Ti-Tz)/ (C-Tz)] × 100 = 50, drug concentration resulting in a 50% reduction in the net protein increase.
 
TGI = Drug concentration resulting in total growth inhibition (TGI) will calculated from Ti = Tz
 
LC50 = Concentration of drug resulting in a 50% reduction in the measured protein at the end of the drug treatment as compared to that at the beginning) indicating a net loss of 50% cells following treatment is calculated from [(Ti-Tz)/Tz] × 100 = -50.
 
Conclusion
 
The result of this study shows that the ethanolic extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam and Parthenium hysterophorusLinn was non toxic to normal cell and also had both anticancer activities individually and in combination of both the plant extract. This study points to the probable anticancer potentials of ethanolic leaf extracts of Parthenium hysterophorusand Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam. The results of the study will also need to be confirmed using in vivo models.
 
Acknowledgement
 
The author is thankful to Mrs. Anjuna Pandey research officer of botany at National Bureau of Plant and Genetic Resources (Pusa campus) New Delhi for their kind support and also Mrs. Arti Juvekar ACTREC Mumbai.
 
 
References