Journal of Pain & Relief
Open Access

Pain mechanisms and pathophysiology involve complex processes that include nociceptive, neuropathic, and inflammatory pathways. Nociceptive pain arises from tissue damage or inflammation, activating peripheral nociceptors that send signals to the brain via the spinal cord. Neuropathic pain results from damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, leading to abnormal signal processing. Central sensitization enhances pain sensitivity in the spinal cord and brain, amplifying pain perception. Neurotransmitters like glutamate, substance P, and cytokines play crucial roles in pain transmission and modulation. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies to manage various pain conditions effectively.