Abstract

Airborne and waterborne diseases pose significant threats to public health globally, contributing to morbidity and mortality rates. These diseases are caused by pathogens transmitted through the air or contaminated water sources, leading to a wide range of infections, from respiratory illnesses to gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and risk factors associated with airborne and waterborne diseases is crucial for effective prevention and control measures. In this abstract, we review the major airborne and waterborne diseases, including their causative agents, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and preventive strategies. We discuss the importance of environmental hygiene, sanitation practices, vaccination programs, and public health interventions in reducing the burden of these diseases. Furthermore, we explore emerging challenges such as antimicrobial resistance, climate change impacts, and urbanization trends, which influence the dynamics of airborne and waterborne disease transmission. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, policymakers, environmental scientists, and community stakeholders to implement sustainable solutions and safeguard public health.

Airborne and waterborne diseases pose significant threats to public health globally, causing morbidity and mortality across diverse populations. Airborne diseases are transmitted through respiratory droplets, aerosols, or dust particles, while waterborne diseases are spread through contaminated water sources. Both types of diseases can lead to outbreaks, epidemics, and even pandemics if left uncontrolled. Understanding the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies of airborne and waterborne diseases is crucial for effective public health interventions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of airborne and waterborne diseases, including their etiology, transmission routes, common pathogens, associated health risks, and preventive measures. By examining the characteristics and challenges of these diseases, this review aims to enhance awareness and inform strategies for mitigating their impact on human health.