Abstract

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a complex and extensive membranous network found in eukaryotic cells. Comprised of two distinct regions, the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER), the ER plays a crucial role in various cellular functions. The RER is involved in protein synthesis, facilitating the translation of mRNA into proteins, while the SER participates in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage and release. Additionally, the ER is responsible for protein folding, quality control, lipid synthesis, calcium homeostasis, and protein sorting and trafficking. Dysfunction in the ER has been associated with several diseases, emphasizing its significance in maintaining cellular integrity. Further investigation into the ER and its processes holds promise for advancing our understanding of cell biology and developing therapeutic interventions.