Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a heterogeneous subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. TNBC is associated with aggressive tumor biology, limited treatment options, and poorer outcomes compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Recent advances in understanding TNBC biology have led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. This article reviews current challenges in TNBC management, including intrinsic and acquired resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. It explores emerging therapeutic modalities, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and combination therapies, which aim to exploit vulnerabilities in TNBC biology and improve patient outcomes. The discussion emphasizes the importance of personalized medicine approaches, biomarker development, and clinical trial innovations in advancing TNBC treatment paradigms. By addressing these challenges and leveraging new therapeutic opportunities, the field is poised to redefine standards of care and enhance survival rates for TNBC patients.