Abstract

Periodontal diseases are complex infections primarily driven by microbial dysbiosis in the oral cavity. This review explores the microbiological aspects of periodontal diseases, emphasizing the roles of various pathogens in disease development and progression. We examine the shift from a healthy microbial community to a pathogenic one, highlighting key bacterial species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola that contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. The interplay between host immune responses and microbial factors is also discussed, illustrating how dysbiosis triggers inflammatory responses that exacerbate periodontal conditions. Furthermore, this review addresses the diagnostic methods for identifying pathogenic bacteria and the implications for targeted therapeutic strategies. By integrating current research findings, we aim to enhance understanding of microbial influences on periodontal health and inform effective management approaches.