Abstract

The introduction of long-acting dihydropyridines such as extended-release nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine,isradipine, nicardipine, and nisoldipine has led to fewer adverse events. These agents should be used in combination with β-blockers. Some patients may have symptomatic relief improved more with calcium channel blockers than with β-blocker therapy.

Keywords: Pain Control; Drugs; Epidemics; Therapy; Analgesics; Opioids;