Abstract

Robot-assisted surgery has revolutionized the medical field by enhancing precision, flexibility, and control in complex procedures, yet challenges in real-time navigation and instrument tracking persist. Marker-based systems, while effective, pose limitations such as potential displacement and added complexity. A marker-free augmented reality (AR) system addresses these issues by leveraging advanced imaging, computer vision, and AI to dynamically track surgical instruments and visualize patient anatomy in real-time, without the need for physical markers. This technology improves accuracy, reduces setup time, enhances safety, and streamlines surgical workflows. This article explores the development, advantages, and applications of marker-free AR in robotic surgery, highlighting its potential to advance safety, precision, and outcomes across various surgical disciplines. As these systems evolve, they promise to play a transformative role in the future of minimally invasive surgery.