Abstract

Cell synthesis is at the forefront of cellular biology and biotechnology, focusing on the creation or reconstruction of cells from fundamental biological components. This review provides an overview of the latest advancements in cell synthesis, highlighting key mechanisms, applications, and future prospects. Recent breakthroughs in synthetic biology, genetic engineering, and materials science have enabled the development of novel approaches for constructing functional cells from scratch. The review discusses the progress in gene synthesis, cell-free systems, and minimal cell models, alongside innovative applications in regenerative medicine, drug development, and biosensing. Additionally, the paper addresses ongoing challenges, including ethical considerations and biosecurity risks, while proposing future research directions to enhance the capabilities and applications of cell synthesis. This comprehensive examination underscores the transformative potential of cell synthesis in advancing science and medicine.