Abstract

Zoonoses, diseases transmitted between animals and humans, pose significant threats to public health, ecological balance, and socio-economic stability worldwide. This interdisciplinary review delves into the complex dynamics of zoonotic diseases, elucidating their origins, transmission pathways, and impacts. We explore the ecological, epidemiological, and socio-economic factors driving zoonotic spillover events, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Drawing upon insights from ecology, microbiology, epidemiology, and social sciences, we dissect the multifaceted interactions shaping zoonotic disease emergence and transmission. Key drivers such as land-use change, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, climate change, and globalization are analyzed in the context of zoonotic risk amplification.

Furthermore, we examine the challenges inherent in zoonosis surveillance, detection, and response, including gaps in data availability, underreporting, and limited resources in resource-constrained settings. The role of One Health approaches, integrating expertise from human, animal, and environmental health disciplines, is highlighted as crucial for effective zoonotic disease management and prevention. We discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, early warning systems, and adaptive governance frameworks in mitigating zoonotic threats and building resilience.

Moreover, this review underscores the need for innovative strategies in zoonotic disease control, encompassing vaccination programs, wildlife conservation measures, sustainable land-use practices, and community engagement initiatives. Behavioral insights into human-animal interactions and cultural practices are integrated to inform contextspecific interventions and risk communication efforts. Finally, we explore future research directions and technological advancements poised to revolutionize zoonosis surveillance, diagnostics, and intervention strategies, offering a holistic approach towards safeguarding global health security in the face of evolving zoonotic threats.