Abstract

Veterinary pharmacology plays a crucial role in the health and well-being of animals, encompassing the study of drugs, their effects, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications. Over the years, innovations in drug development and treatment strategies have significantly improved veterinary care. From advancements in drug formulations to targeted therapies, the field is rapidly evolving to meet the specific needs of different animal species, ranging from companion animals to livestock. This article discusses the latest innovations in veterinary pharmacology, including novel drug delivery systems, biologics, personalized treatments, and advancements in pharmacogenomics. The article also explores the challenges veterinarians face in drug development, such as species differences, regulatory constraints, and ethical considerations. Ultimately, these innovations contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes, better animal welfare, and more effective treatment protocols