Abstract

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of people annually and posing considerable economic and social burdens, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. These diseases are transmitted to humans and animals by vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies, which carry pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Prominent examples of VBDs include malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, chikungunya, Lyme disease, and leishmaniasis. The epidemiology of VBDs is influenced by various factors including climate change, urbanization, deforestation, and human migration, which alter vector habitats and behaviors, thereby impacting disease transmission dynamics.

Understanding the intricate relationships between vectors, pathogens, and hosts is critical for the development of effective control and prevention strategies. Advances in molecular biology and genomics have provided new insights into vector-pathogen interactions and have facilitated the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. Integrated vector management (IVM), encompassing biological, chemical, environmental, and personal protection measures, remains a cornerstone of VBD control. Moreover, public health policies and community engagement play vital roles in mitigating the impact of these diseases.

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control strategies of major vector-borne diseases. It highlights recent advancements in research and technology, including the development of genetically modified vectors, novel vaccines, and innovative surveillance systems. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of these strategies in resource-limited settings. The review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach and international collaboration to address the complex and evolving threat of VBDs effectively.