Abstract

One of the most difficult diseases to treat nowadays is cancer. Toxic side effects, the occurrence of concurrent malignancies, the development of resistant mechanisms, and/or the induction of concomitant malignancies frequently limit the effectiveness of standard treatment protocols, which primarily consist of chemo- and radiotherapy, followed or preceded by surgical intervention. This necessitates the creation of therapeutic approaches that are just as effective as conventional therapies while allowing patients to live their lives free from serious adverse effects. In this regard, the advancement of immunotherapy in general and the novel idea of DNA vaccine in particular may offer a means of achieving this objective. Activating humoral and cellular immune responses to target cancer cells using the patient’s own immune system have shown early positive outcomes in clinical trials and could lead to a less toxicity conventional therapy regimen in the future. Transferring the plethora of compelling preclinical and early clinical outcomes to an efficient patient therapy is the main issue of this strategy.

Before and during parturition, as well as the two primary physiological processes of parturition: uterine contractions and cervical ripening, the immune system is crucial. White blood cells and the secretions they produce make up the immune system. The cervical tissue is invaded by polymorphic nuclear cells and macrophages, which then release substances like oxygen radicals and enzymes that weaken the cervical matrix and enable softening and dilatation. White blood cells go through chemo taxis, adherence to endothelial cells, diapedesis, migration, and activation during this inflammatory process. Cytokines such tumour necrosis factor and interleukin govern the invasion and production of white blood cells. Cytokine synthesis is impacted by prostaglandins, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. They modify the target cells as well, changing how those cells react to cytokines. On the other hand, the immune system has a significant impact on how hormones work and how prostaglandins are made. Nitric oxide significantly affects the uterine quiescence during gestation in mammals. In addition, it has anti-adhesive properties on leukocytes and is crucial in controlling the vascular tone of uterine arteries. At term and preterm, cytokines can be identified in the amniotic fluid as well as the maternal and foetal serum. It has been demonstrated that a number of intrauterine cells manufacture these cytoldnes. The immune system is an extra but essential and underappreciated element in the physiology of delivery because neither white blood cells cytokines nor nitric oxide seems to be the final step for human parturition. Therefore, these mechanisms must be understood by scientists, obstetricians, and anaesthesiologists.