Abstract

The MAPK/ERK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) pathway is a crucial signaling cascade involved in regulating cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is activated by various extracellular signals, including growth factors and cytokines, and is characterized by a series of phosphorylation events that ultimately lead to the activation of ERK proteins. The complexity of the MAPK/ERK pathway is reflected in its ability to modulate a wide range of cellular processes through different mechanisms, including the regulation of gene expression, protein activity, and cellular localization. Dysregulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway is implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, developmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the MAPK/ERK pathway, exploring its components, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in cellular growth and differentiation. Furthermore, the review discusses the implications of MAPK/ERK pathway dysregulation for disease and highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.