Abstract

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with complex molecular mechanisms driving tumorigenesis. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of the current understanding of the molecular events that underlie cancer initiation and progression. We focus on key genetic mutations, alterations in signaling pathways, the role of the tumor microenvironment, and mechanisms of metastasis. Central to these processes are mutations in protooncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair pathways, as well as the dysregulation of signaling cascades such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding these molecular events offers promising targets for therapeutic intervention, as we also explore current strategies in cancer treatment and their implications for precision medicine.