Abstract

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a complex and multifaceted neurological condition resulting from external forces applied to the head, leading to dysfunction of brain tissue. This injury encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild concussions to severe traumatic injuries with profound and lasting consequences. TBI is a significant global health concern, with a high incidence across various demographic groups, including sports-related injuries, motor vehicle accidents, falls, and military combat-related incidents. The pathophysiology of TBI involves both primary and secondary injury mechanisms, encompassing immediate mechanical damage and subsequent neuroinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. The clinical manifestations of TBI are diverse, encompassing cognitive, emotional, and motor impairments, with potential long-term cognitive decline, psychiatric disorders, and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. The management of TBI is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach, including acute medical interventions, rehabilitation strategies, and ongoing neurocognitive and psychological support. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, biomarker discovery, and therapeutic interventions offer promising avenues for better understanding, diagnosing, and treating TBI.

This abstract provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies of traumatic brain injury. Additionally, it highlights emerging research directions and potential future interventions aimed at improving outcomes for individuals affected by TBI.