Abstract

Prophylactic surgery has emerged as a critical intervention in women’s health, particularly for individuals with a heightened genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers. This review explores the evolving role of prophylactic mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy in mitigating cancer risks, emphasizing the balance between clinical benefits, surgical risks, and psychological outcomes. Advances in genetic testing, such as BRCA1/2 mutation identification, have empowered women to make informed decisions about risk-reducing surgical options. The discussion highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care, involving oncologists, genetic counselors, and mental health professionals, to guide patients through decision-making processes. While evidence supports the efficacy of prophylactic surgeries in significantly lowering cancer incidence and improving survival rates, challenges remain regarding equitable access, ethical considerations, and the impact on quality of life. This article underscores the need for personalized approaches, incorporating patient preferences and evolving surgical technologies, to optimize outcomes in women’s health and cancer prevention.