Abstract

ticularly those born prematurely or with health complications. The neonatal period, defined as the first 28 days of life, is characterized by rapid physiological changes, making drug therapy both challenging and essential. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in neonates differ significantly from older children and adults due to immature organ systems, especially the liver and kidneys, which are responsible for drug metabolism and excretion. Common drug categories used in neonatology include antibiotics, used to combat infections; surfactants, which are essential for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants; and anticonvulsants for managing neonatal seizures.