Abstract

The relationship between hypoxia, metabolism, and immune cell function represents a dynamic and intricate interplay that profoundly influences human physiology and disease pathogenesis. Hypoxia, or oxygen deficiency, triggers metabolic reprogramming in cells, leading to alterations in energy metabolism and signaling pathways. Immune cells, sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, adapt their phenotype and function in response to hypoxic microenvironments. Metabolic regulation lies at the core of immune cell activation and effector functions, shaping immune responses to pathogens, tumors, and inflammatory stimuli. Dysregulated hypoxia responses and metabolic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting metabolic pathways and hypoxia-inducible factors. Understanding the complex interactions between hypoxia, metabolism, and immune cell function opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions and personalized healthcare approaches.