Abstract

Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses against self-antigens, resulting in tissue damage and dysfunction. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in elucidating the immunological mechanisms underlying autoimmune pathogenesis, including the roles of autoreactive T and B cells, dysfunctional regulatory pathways, and genetic and environmental factors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the immunological basis of autoimmune diseases, focusing on key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease initiation and progression. Furthermore, recent advances in therapeutic interventions targeting immune dysregulation and inflammation are discussed, highlighting the promise of precision medicine approaches for personalized treatment strategies in autoimmune disorders.