Abstract

Neuroimmunological disorders, characterized by immune system dysfunction affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems, encompass a diverse group of conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and autoimmune encephalitis. These disorders often exhibit complex genetic architectures, involving both common and rare variants that contribute to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. This review explores the current understanding of the genetic basis of neuroimmunological disorders, highlighting key discoveries from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), candidate gene studies, and next-generation sequencing approaches. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding disease mechanisms, developing diagnostic tools, and designing targeted therapies.