Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent form of skin cancer that arises from the uncontrolled growth of squamous cells, typically found in the epidermis. However, SCC can also manifest in various other tissues, including the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as in organs like the cervix. This aggressive malignancy is primarily associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, immunosuppression, and certain genetic predispositions. The pathogenesis involves the accumulation of genetic mutations, leading to aberrant cell proliferation and evasion of apoptosis.

Clinically, SCC often presents as a localized, raised, and scaly lesion that may progress to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to regional lymph nodes or distant organs. Early detection and intervention are crucial for favorable outcomes, with treatment modalities ranging from surgical excision and radiation therapy to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, some SCC cases exhibit resistance, necessitating ongoing research into novel treatment approaches. Additionally, emerging trends in SCC research, including molecular profiling and immunotherapeutic interventions are discussed, offering insights into potential future directions for improving diagnosis, treatment, and overall patient outcomes.