Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to screening and vaccination may be limited. While the primary etiological factor in cervical cancer is the persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), recent research has shed light on the roles that hormonal receptors-particularly estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR)-may play in cervical cancer development and progression. Understanding these hormonal pathways offers new insights that could help refine treatment approaches and improve outcomes for patients with cervical cancer