Abstract

Escherichia coli (E. coli) are a versatile bacterium commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded organisms, including humans. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, some can cause serious food poisoning and infections. Infections can occur through contaminated food or water, contact with animals, or person-to-person transmission. E. coli infections can lead to a wide range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea. In severe cases, it can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a potentially life-threatening condition that can cause kidney failure. Treatment usually involves supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, and in some cases, antibiotics. Preventive measures, such as practicing good hygiene and proper food handling, are crucial in reducing the risk of E. coli infections. This review provides an overview of E. coli infections, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection represents a significant public health concern globally, encompassing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to severe systemic illness. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of E. coli infection, encompassing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. E. coli, a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, has evolved into various pathogenic strains capable of causing diverse clinical syndromes, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), diarrheal diseases, bloodstream infections, and even life-threatening conditions such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Understanding the complex interplay between host factors, bacterial virulence mechanisms, and environmental determinants is crucial for elucidating the pathogenesis of E. coli infection and developing effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, advancements in molecular diagnostics and genomic epidemiology have enhanced our ability to rapidly identify and characterize E. coli strains, facilitating targeted control measures and outbreak investigations. This review also discusses current challenges and future directions in E. coli research, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations and innovative approaches for mitigating the burden of E. coli infection on public health.