Abstract

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) represents a critical stage in the continuum of cancer development, where abnormal cells proliferate within their tissue of origin without invading surrounding tissues. This research article provides a comprehensive exploration of CIS, encompassing its definition, epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic methods, and management strategies. The review synthesizes current research findings, shedding light on the molecular and genetic alterations associated with CIS, the role of risk factors, and the evolving landscape of precision medicine in its diagnosis and treatment. By elucidating the intricate facets of CIS, this article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis and potential avenues for targeted interventions.