Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, predominantly affecting the elderly population, characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The pathophysiology of AD is associated with the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to the degeneration of neurons and synaptic loss. Early detection of AD is critical for effective intervention, as it allows for the management of symptoms and slowing of disease progression. Cognitive decline, particularly in the domains of memory, attention, and executive function, is one of the earliest signs. The mechanisms underlying these cognitive deficits involve disruptions in synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter imbalances, and inflammation. Advancements in neuroimaging, biomarkers, and genetic studies have shown promise in the identification of early AD, providing insight into its pathogenesis. This review explores the mechanisms of cognitive decline, memory loss, and the role of early detection, as well as potential therapeutic approaches aimed at alleviating or delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.