Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. With its increasing incidence globally, effective management strategies are essential to mitigate complications such as cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. This article provides an overview of current pharmacological therapies for T2DM, including metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors, highlighting their mechanisms of action, benefits, and potential side effects. Additionally, it discusses the importance of personalized medicine, the role of combination therapies, and emerging treatments that target novel pathways. The integration of digital health technologies is also explored as a means to enhance patient engagement and management outcomes. Overall, a comprehensive, multifaceted approach is vital for optimizing T2DM management in the face of a growing global epidemic.