Abstract

Tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a revolutionary tool in cancer research and clinical practice, offering a non-invasive means to monitor disease progression and response to therapy. This review explores the journey of ctDNA from initial biomarker discovery to its current and potential future clinical applications. The article begins by discussing the methods used for isolating and analyzing ctDNA, including liquid biopsy techniques and advanced sequencing technologies. We then examine the role of ctDNA in identifying genetic mutations, tracking tumor evolution, and predicting treatment outcomes. The review highlights significant advancements in ctDNA research, such as its use in early cancer detection, minimal residual disease monitoring, and personalized medicine approaches. Despite its promise, challenges remain, including issues related to sensitivity, specificity, and standardization of ctDNA assays. The article concludes by outlining future directions for ctDNA research, emphasizing the need for improved technologies and collaborative efforts to enhance the clinical utility of ctDNA in oncology. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of ctDNA in enhancing cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management.