Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in breast cancer progression and treatment response. This abstract provides an overview of the cellular and molecular components comprising the TME in breast cancer, highlighting therapeutic prospects and associated challenges. Key cellular constituents are including cancerassociated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, endothelial cells and adipocytes. Interact dynamically within the TME, influencing tumor behavior. Aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and immunosuppressive mechanisms further contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. Therapeutic strategies targeting TME components, such as CAFs and immune checkpoints, offer promising avenues for intervention. However, the complex and heterogeneous nature of the TME presents challenges for effective treatment implementation. Biomarker-driven approaches and personalized therapeutic strategies are essential for optimizing TME-targeted therapies in breast cancer management. Collaboration across disciplines and innovative clinical trial designs are crucial for translating TME research into clinical practice, ultimately improving outcomes for breast cancer patients.