Abstract

Tropical cyclones are among the most powerful and destructive weather phenomena on Earth, forming in warm ocean waters and exhibiting complex atmospheric dynamics. This article delves into the atmospheric science behind these storms, exploring their formation, development, and behavior. Tropical cyclones, including hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones, originate in regions with sea surface temperatures above 26°C, where the combination of warm, moist air and the Earth’s rotation initiates a low-pressure system. The Coriolis effect, latent heat release, and moisture availability are critical in intensifying the storm. The structure of a tropical cyclone, characterized by the eye, eyewall, and rainbands, reflects the intense vertical and horizontal energy exchanges that fuel its strength. This review also examines how environmental factors, such as wind shear, ocean heat content, and large-scale atmospheric circulation, influence cyclone intensity and trajectory. Advances in meteorological models have improved forecasting accuracy, yet predicting rapid intensification and landfall impacts remain key challenges. As climate change affects sea surface temperatures and atmospheric moisture content, the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones may shift, posing significant risks to coastal communities worldwide. Understanding the atmospheric science of tropical cyclones is vital for improving preparedness, mitigation strategies, and resilience in the face of these powerful storms.