Abstract

Obesity is a complex medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, which poses significant health risks and is associated with various comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. While lifestyle modifications including dietary changes, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy form the cornerstone of obesity management, some individuals may require additional interventions to achieve sustainable weight loss and improve overall health outcomes. Weight reduction strategies encompass a multifaceted approach tailored to individual needs and preferences. Caloric restriction, coupled with nutritional counseling, promotes gradual and sustainable weight loss. Regular physical activity, ranging from moderate-intensity aerobic exercises to resistance training, not only aids in calorie expenditure but also enhances metabolic health and preserves lean body mass. Behavioral therapy, focusing on cognitive-behavioral techniques and addressing psychological factors contributing to overeating, fosters long-term adherence to healthy lifestyle habits.

For individuals with severe obesity or those who have failed conventional therapies, bariatric surgery emerges as an effective treatment option. Bariatric procedures, such as gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric banding, induce significant weight loss by restricting food intake, altering gut hormone signaling, and modifying nutrient absorption. Beyond weight reduction, bariatric surgery exerts favorable metabolic effects, leading to remission or improvement of obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. However, bariatric surgery is not without risks and requires careful patient selection, comprehensive preoperative evaluation, and postoperative management. Potential complications encompass surgical risks, nutritional deficiencies, and psychosocial challenges, necessitating long-term follow-up and multidisciplinary support. In conclusion, the treatment of obesity involves a continuum of care ranging from lifestyle interventions to surgical procedures. While weight reduction strategies form the cornerstone of management, bariatric surgery offers a valuable therapeutic option for individuals with severe obesity, providing sustainable weight loss and ameliorating obesity-related complications. Collaborative efforts involving healthcare professionals, patients, and community resources are essential to optimize outcomes and mitigate the burden of obesity on individuals and society.