Abstract

Cancer in children, though rare, represents a leading cause of disease-related death globally. The treatment landscape for pediatric cancer has evolved significantly with advancements in chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and novel targeted therapies. This article provides an in-depth review of treatment modalities for childhood cancers, including leukemia, brain tumors, neuroblastoma, and lymphomas, highlighting the specific challenges in pediatric oncology. Advances in precision medicine and immunotherapy are transforming treatment outcomes, yet concerns over long-term side effects and quality of life remain prominent. This review also examines future directions for improving therapeutic outcomes while minimizing toxicity.