Abstract

Robot-assisted surgery has greatly advanced medical practice by boosting precision, flexibility, and control in complex procedures, though challenges with real-time navigation and instrument tracking remain. Marker-based systems, while useful, face issues like displacement and increased complexity. Marker-free augmented reality (AR) systems overcome these limitations by using advanced imaging, computer vision, and AI to track instruments and visualize anatomy in real-time, without physical markers. This approach enhances accuracy, reduces setup time, improves safety, and streamlines workflows. This article delves into the development, benefits, and applications of marker-free AR in robotic surgery, showcasing its potential to elevate safety, precision, and outcomes in minimally invasive surgery. As these systems advance, they are set to transform the field.