Abstract

A scientific field called toxicology studies how dangerous substances affect living things negatively. The significance, methods, and applications of toxicology are highlighted in this article’s overview. The basic concepts of toxicology are examined, such as toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, which deal with the uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of toxins as well as their mechanisms of action. The many approaches used in toxicology are discussed in the article, including in vitro experiments, animal testing, and human testing as well as developments in computational modelling. Additionally, it explores the various ways that toxicology is used by pharmaceutical companies, environmental scientists, occupational health organisations, and regulatory bodies. Finally, the paper discusses new developments and difficulties in toxicology, including toxicogenomics and nanotoxicology, as well as current initiatives to provide alternative testing techniques.

Keywords: Toxicology; Toxicokinetics; Toxicodynamics; Harmful substances; Risk assessment