Abstract

Nanomedicines and nano-enabled therapies hold transformative potential for enhancing drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic interventions. However, the unique properties of nanoparticles necessitate rigorous toxicological assessments to ensure their safety and biocompatibility. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the toxicological concerns associated with nanomedicines, including size-dependent toxicity, surface chemistry, accumulation, genotoxicity, and environmental impact. It also discusses the methodologies employed in the toxicological evaluation of nanomedicines, such as in vitro and in vivo studies, computational models, and standardized protocols. The article highlights the importance of adhering to regulatory guidelines and addressing ethical considerations to advance the field while safeguarding public health and the environment.