Abstract

Tumor biomarkers have emerged as essential tools in modern oncology, offering valuable insights into cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. These biological markers, present in blood, tissues, or other body fluids, serve as indicators of the presence or progression of malignancy. Tumor biomarkers are classified into several categories, including genetic, protein, and metabolic markers. The use of biomarkers in clinical practice has revolutionized early detection, risk assessment, and the development of personalized treatment regimens. This article explores the various types of tumor biomarkers, their diagnostic and prognostic significance, and their role in evaluating therapeutic response. Furthermore, we discuss challenges related to biomarker validation, their clinical utility, and the potential future directions for enhancing their application in oncology.