Abstract

Endothelial impairment, characterized by dysfunction in the inner lining of blood vessels, is a hallmark of various cardiovascular diseases. This research article explores the multifaceted role of several key factors in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. Specifically, we investigate the involvement of the renin-angiotensin axis, oxidised lowdensity lipoproteins, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia in compromising endothelial integrity. Moreover, we examine how increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules contributes to vasodilatory dysfunction in the endothelium. Additionally, we discuss the influence of autoimmunity on exacerbating endothelial dysfunction. By elucidating these mechanisms, this study provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for mitigating endothelial impairment and preventing associated cardiovascular complications.