Abstract

Oral bioavailability is a critical determinant of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drug formulations. This parameter defines the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical ingredient reaches systemic circulation, influencing the drug's overall effectiveness and patient compliance. Despite the advantages of oral administration, several challenges hinder optimal bioavailability, including poor solubility, extensive first-pass metabolism, and drug stability issues. This review explores the multifaceted role of oral bioavailability in drug development, addressing the inherent challenges associated with enhancing bioavailability. We discuss innovative strategies such as formulation modifications, prodrug design, and the use of novel excipients and drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles and liposomes. Additionally, the impact of patient-specific factors—such as age, gender, and genetic variations—on drug absorption and metabolism is examined. By elucidating the complexities of oral bioavailability, this review aims to provide insights into effective approaches for overcoming these challenges, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and more successful therapeutic interventions