Abstract

Mucosal cellular immunity plays a crucial role in the local defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces, such as the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. This article explores the intricate mechanisms through which mucosal immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells, and B cells, contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and protection against infections. The study highlights the specialized adaptations of these cells that enable effective immune surveillance and response within mucosal tissues. It also discusses the interactions between mucosal immunity and systemic immunity, as well as the impact of mucosal immune dysfunction on disease development. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into potential therapeutic approaches for enhancing mucosal immunity and addressing mucosal-related diseases. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge and identify areas for future research in mucosal immunity.