Abstract

Lung inflammation is a key pathophysiological feature of various respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). This chronic inflammation is a consequence of both genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as smoking, air pollution, and infections. The immune response in the lungs involves a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immune systems, with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and oxidative stress mediators contributing to tissue damage, airway remodeling, and functional decline. In asthma, T-helper 2 (Th2) inflammation predominates, whereas COPD is marked by a neutrophil-driven inflammatory response. In ILDs, fibrosis and epithelial injury are central to disease progression. Current therapeutic approaches, including corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and biologics, provide symptom relief but often fail to reverse disease progression. Emerging therapies targeting specific inflammatory pathways, such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and other immunomodulatory drugs, are showing promise in managing lung inflammation. This review examines the pathophysiology of lung inflammation and current and emerging treatment strategies.