Abstract

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) is the most common form of breast cancer, comprising approximately 80% of all cases. Its development is driven by a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental or lifestyle-related risk factors. Key genetic mutations, particularly in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53, significantly elevate the risk of IDC by disrupting DNA repair mechanisms and promoting genomic instability. Understanding the interplay between these genetic and environmental factors is essential for developing personalized prevention, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. Emerging research in epigenetics and immunogenomics is expanding our knowledge of IDC pathogenesis, potentially paving the way for novel interventions. This review highlights the role of genetics and modifiable risk factors in IDC and emphasizes the importance of tailored approaches for risk management and treatment.