Abstract

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Probiotics and prebiotics have gained attention for their potential to modulate the composition and function of the microbiome, offering promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the human microbiome, focusing on their mechanisms of action, effects on microbial diversity, and implications for health outcomes. We discuss recent research highlighting the role of probiotics in enhancing gut barrier function, immune modulation, and metabolic health, as well as the potential of prebiotics to selectively stimulate beneficial microbial populations. Furthermore, we explore emerging trends and future directions in microbiome research, including personalized approaches, microbial engineering, and the integration of omics technologies. Understanding the complex interplay between probiotics, prebiotics, and the human microbiome is essential for developing targeted interventions that promote health and prevent disease in diverse populations.